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Growth

Which social model? An introduction to the national debate "Quelle France dans 10 ans?"

Title Original Language: 
Quel modèle social? Note d'introduction au débat national "Quelle France dans 10 ans?"
Abstract Original Language: 
Élaboré au cours des Trente Glorieuses, le modèle social français repose sur trois types de transferts :

■des assurances sociales collectives financées par des cotisations assises sur le travail et gérées paritairement par les représentants des salariés et des employeurs ;
■des prestations d’assistance généralement sous conditions de ressources, financées par l’impôt et par des taxes, et gérées par l’État et les collectivités territoriales ;
■des services publics gratuits et universels (éducation et santé) financés et organisés par l’État.
Le modèle social renvoie donc non seulement à la protection sociale mais aussi à d’autres institutions au cœur de la régulation économique et sociale en France.

Ce modèle est ébranlé dans ses fondements par l’apparition de nouveaux risques (chômage de longue durée, insécurité de l’emploi, déqualification, monoparentalité, dépendance, etc.) et par la montée des inégalités (de revenus, d’accès au marché du travail et aux services publics mais aussi plus largement de « possibles », qu’il s’agisse de réussite scolaire, de mobilité sociale ou de trajectoires professionnelles). Il est également fragilisé par les difficultés de financement de la protection sociale et par la crise de l’État providence. Pour beaucoup, il aurait atteint ses limites et serait confronté à une triple crise de légitimité, de solvabilité et d’efficacité.

Le modèle social est en même temps une composante centrale de notre cohésion sociale et de l’identité française. L’enjeu pour son avenir est de repenser les objectifs et les moyens que l’on entend lui assigner, en tenant compte de notre insertion dans une économie européenne et mondialisée. Trois questions apparaissent essentielles dans cette perspective : quelle prise en compte de la solidarité dans le modèle social ? quelle place de l’impôt, des transferts et des services publics dans la redistribution ? enfin, quelle part des ressources transférer de l’action curative vers l’action préventive face aux risques contemporains ?

Contributeurs : Claire Bernard, Hélène Garner, Camille Guézennec, Guillaume Malochet, Christine Raynard, avec la collaboration scientifique de Marc Ferracci et Alain Trannoy.

Original Language: 
Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Thursday, September 26, 2013
Abstract in English: 
Created during the post-war boom years, the French social model is based on the following three types of transfers: collective national insurance funded by contributions based on employment and managed jointly by employee and employer representatives; generally means-tested assistance benefits, funded by taxes and duties and managed by the State and regional authorities; free and universal public services (education and health) funded and organised by the State.

The social model therefore relates not only to social protection but also to other institutions at the heart of economic and social regulation in France. The foundations of this model are being challenged by the emergence of new risks (long-term unemployment, job insecurity, downgrading of jobs, single parenthood, dependency, etc.) and by increasing inequalities (in terms of income, access to the job market and public services, and even, in more general terms, of ‘opportunities’, whether relating to academic success, social mobility or career progression). The difficulties associated with funding social protection and with the welfare state crisis have also had the effect of weakening the model. Indeed, for many, it will have reached its limits and will be faced with a triple crisis of legitimacy, solvency and efficiency. At the same time, the social model is a central component of our social cohesion and of the French identity. The key issue for its future is to reconsider the objectives and the means we intend to allocate to it, taking into account our place within both a European and a global economy. With this in mind, there would appear to be three key questions that need to be answered: to what extent is solidarity
taken into account in the social model? What positions do taxes, transfers and public services occupy in terms of redistribution? And finally what proportion of resources should be transferred from curative action to preventive action when it comes to dealing with modern-day risks?
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Towards a more sustainable growth model? An introduction to the national debate "Quelle France dans 10 ans?"

Title Original Language: 
Quelle soutenabilité pour notre modèle de croissance dans 10 ans? Note d'introduction au débat national "Quelle France dans 10 ans?"
Abstract Original Language: 
Une croissance “soutenable” doit répondre aux besoins du présent sans compromettre la capacité des générations futures à répondre aux leurs. Depuis plusieurs décennies, la croissance française ne correspond plus à cette définition : la perspective du changement climatique, l’accélération du rythme d’extinction des espèces et la pollution de nos nappes phréatiques en sont trois marqueurs dans le domaine de l’environnement. Le rythme d’accroissement des dépenses de notre État providence soulève des problèmes de même nature, tandis que notre endettement public nous met à la merci de chocs financiers.

Définir ce que pourrait être une croissance soutenable de l’économie française pose de redoutables difficultés méthodologiques. Cela nécessite d’anticiper l’évolution future de notre modèle de croissance et donc de bien comprendre ses interactions avec l’environnement naturel et social, de même qu’avec les autres économies européennes et mondiales. Au-delà de l’exercice de projection, des désaccords peuvent exister quant aux solutions qu’il conviendrait d’apporter pour renforcer la soutenabilité de notre modèle et assurer un partage équitable des efforts. La soutenabilité d’un modèle de croissance suppose en effet que soient définis, dans le débat, les objectifs que l’on veut atteindre et les réformes que l’on veut (ou que l’on doit) mettre en place tout en tenant compte de la contrainte budgétaire. Ce n’est qu’à cette aune que nous pourrons juger de la possibilité de réussir les réformes de nos modes de production ou de notre modèle social tout en engageant la nécessaire transition énergétique et écologique, qui nous invite de fait à repenser notre modèle de consommation, de production, de développement et de croissance.

Pour assurer notre transition vers un modèle de croissance soutenable, il sera enfin nécessaire de donner à nos institutions les moyens de mieux tenir compte du long terme. Les débats et concertations qui vont avoir lieu dans les prochaines semaines devraient ainsi permettre de préciser les contours du ou des modèles de croissance vers lesquels nous souhaitons nous engager.

Contributeurs : Mahdi Ben Jelloul, Pierre-Yves Cusset, Géraldine Ducos, Clélia Godot, Mohamed Harfi, Jean-Luc Pujol.

Original Language: 
Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Thursday, September 26, 2013
Abstract in English: 
“Sustainable” development has to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. For several decades French growth has not complied with this definition: the prospect of climate change, the acceleration of species’ extinction and the pollution of our ground water provide three such examples merely within the field of the environment. Similar questions surround the sustainability of our Welfare State while our public debt makes us vulnerable to financial crises. There are serious methodological difficulties in determining the possible nature of sustainable growth for the French economy. It requires anticipating the future development of our model of growth and, therefore, a clear understanding of its interaction with the natural and social environment, as well as with other economies at the European and international levels. Beyond the difficulties in predicting France’s growth model, there may be disagreement with regard to the solutions required to build a sustainable model and ensure that the costs of such a model are equitably distributed. Indeed, the sustainability of a growth model presupposes that the objectives to be met and the reforms to be implemented have been developed, through discussion, while taking budgetary constraints into account. This is the only standard that will enable us to assess the possibility of succeeding in reforming our modes of production and social model, while initiating the necessary ecological and energy transition that will lead us to rethink our models of consumption, production, development and growth. In order to ensure our transition towards a sustainable growth model, our institutions will need to have more effective means of taking long-term considerations into account. The debates and consultations held in the coming weeks should enable us to outline the model (or models) of growth towards which we intend to move.
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The Europe 2020 Strategy: Can It Maintain the EU's Competitiveness in the World?

Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Tuesday, September 4, 2012
Abstract in English: 
Launched in March 2010 by the European Commission, the Europe 2020 strategy aims at achieving “smart, sustainable and inclusive” growth. This growth is intended to be driven by three sets of engines: knowledge and innovation, a greener and more efficient use of resources and higher employment combined with social and territorial cohesion. This CEPS report takes an in-depth look at the Europe 2020 strategy and the goals it sets for the EU, with the aim of shedding light on the question of whether the strategy will succeed in fostering the global competitiveness of the European Union. While finding that the Europe 2020 strategy identifies the right key indicators for its targets, the authors advise that it should be revised in several important respects and conclude with relevant policy steps to foster the future capability of European economies and their prosperity.
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OECD Compendium of Productivity Indicators 2012

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Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Friday, November 1, 2013
Abstract in English: 
This document presents an overview of recent trends in productivity level and growth in OECD countries, based on a large set of indicators. It also highlights the measurement issues involved in compiling indicators used for the analysis of issues related to productivity.
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Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth 2013

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Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Friday, February 15, 2013
Abstract in English: 
Going for Growth builds on OECD expertise on structural policy reforms and economic performance to provide policymakers with a set of concrete recommendations on reform areas identified as priorities for sustained growth. The OECD has identified reform recommendations to boost real incomes and employment through the Going for Growth analysis for each OECD country since 2005 and, more recently, for the BRIICS. This benchmarking exercise provides a tool for governments to reflect on policy reforms that affect their citizens’ long-term living standards. Since the 2009 Pittsburgh Summit, Going for Growth has contributed to the G20 regular work programme to achieve Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth, notably through the so called Mutual Assessment Process. For each country, five policy priorities are identified based on their ability to improve long term material living standards through higher productivity and employment. The priorities broadly cover product and labour market regulations; education and training; tax and benefit systems; trade and investment rules; and innovation policies. This issue reviews the progress made on previous recommendations and identifies new priorities for the near term. It also looks at the potential impact of Going for Growth policy recommendations on public policy goals other than GDP growth.
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Deepening the EMU: How to Maintain and Develop the European Social Model?

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Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Friday, November 1, 2013
Abstract in English: 
In the first part of this study, the authors present an overview of the state of ”Social Europe” today with an emphasis on the consequences of the new economic governance on national employment and social policies and the impact of the current crisis on national welfare states. In the second part of the study, the authors propose three possible scenarios for EMU’s future. These scenarios are built on different assumptions and they include a set of initiatives in the fields of the fiscal, economic, banking and political union as well as EMU’s social dimension. The authors assess each scenario on the basis of their main consequences for the euro area economy and for national welfare states from core and peripheral member states.
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Global Governance 2025: at a Critical Junctur

Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Monday, November 1, 2010
Abstract in English: 
Global governance – the collective management of common problems at the international level – is at a critical juncture. Although global governance institutions have racked up many successes since they were developed after the Second World War, the growing number of issues on the international agenda, and their complexity, is outpacing the ability of international organisations and national governments to cope. With the emergence of rapid globalisation, the risks to the international system have grown to the extent that formerly localised threats are no longer locally containable but are now potentially dangerous to global security and stability. At the beginning of the century, threats such as ethnic conflicts, infectious diseases, and terrorism as well as a new generation of global challenges including climate change, energy security, food and water scarcity, international migration flows and new technologies are increasingly taking centre stage.
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Global Trends 2030: Citizens in an Interconnected and Polycentric World

Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Saturday, October 1, 2011
Abstract in English: 
This report, edited by Álvaro de Vasconcelos, contains the findings of the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (ESPAS) research project. The EUISS was commissioned to produce the ESPAS Report on Global Trends 2030 by an EU inter-institutional task force. An interim version of this report was presented to the European Union in October 2011. The report identifies several global trends that will shape the world in 2030. They include: The empowerment of the individual, which may contribute to a growing sense of belonging to a single human community; Greater stress on sustainable development against a backdrop of greater resource scarcity and persistent poverty, compounded by the consequences of climate change; The emergence of a more polycentric world characterised by a shift of power away from states, and growing governance gaps as the mechanisms for inter-state relations fail to respond adequately to global public demands.
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Looking to 2060: Long-term Growth Prospects for the World

Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Friday, November 9, 2012
Abstract in English: 
This report presents the results from a new model for projecting growth of OECD and major non-OECD economies over the next 50 years as well as imbalances that arise. A baseline scenario assuming gradual structural reform and fiscal consolidation to stabilise government-debt-to GDP ratios is compared with variant scenarios assuming deeper policy reforms. One main finding is that growth of the non-OECD G20 countries will continue to outpace OECD countries, but the difference will narrow substantially over coming decades. In parallel, the next 50 years will see major changes in the composition of the world economy. In the absence of ambitious policy changes, global imbalances will emerge which could undermine growth. However, ambitious fiscal consolidation efforts and deep structural reforms can both raise long-run living standards and reduce the risks of major disruptions to growth by mitigating global imbalances.
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The Future of Trade: The Challenges of Convergence

Date of Editorial Board meeting: 
Publication date: 
Wednesday, April 24, 2013
Abstract in English: 
In April 2012, the Director-General of the WTO, Pascal Lamy, invited a diverse group of prominent non-state stakeholders to analyse challenges to global trade opening in the 21st century. The Panel held a series of closed meetings and also consulted extensively with interested parties. Chapter 1 of the Panel’s report discusses the contribution that trade opening has made to growth, development and prosperity. It also discusses the challenges of managing jobless growth, high unemployment, poverty, inequality, the environment and sustainable development, and the role of trade as well as investment in this context. Chapter 2 examines certain transformational factors that have shaped trade in recent years and will continue to do so in the future. These include increasing globalization, geographical shifts in patterns of growth, trade and investment, technological advances, the rise of international value chains, the proliferation of preferential trade agreements, and the growing influence of non-tariff measures. Chapter 3 contains a number of recommendations for possible action. They are not prioritized in terms of their degree of importance by the Panel. They are organized around an exploration of the principles and processes driving trade relations, along with a series of specific issues that have either been raised in other contexts, including the Doha Round, or which the Panel believes warrant consideration. The Panel does not offer specific recommendations to deal with the Doha Round, other than noting that the issues in the Doha agenda will not disappear and that not fulfilling this collective undertaking could put at stake the multilateral trading system itself.
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